What does the pauli exclusion principle state ?

No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.

Step-by-step explanation:

Another way of saying it is, An orbital can contain only two electrons, and they must have opposite spins.

For example, the first electron added to an atom has the quantum numbers

n = 1, l = 0, mₗ = 0, mₛ = +½

For the second electron added, at least one of the quantum numbers must be different. If n = 1, the only quantum number that can change is mₛ.

The second electron must have quantum numbers

n = 1, l = 0, mₗ = 0, mₛ = -½

58 km per hour : d

explanation:

metals have excess of electrons whereas non-metals have deficiency of electrons. thus, in order to gain stability metals easily donate their electrons to the non-metals.

for example, electronic configuration of sodium is and electronic configuration of phosphorous is .

when a phosphorous atom and sodium atom combine together then sodium will donate is extra one electron to the phosphorous atom. as a result there will be formation of ionic bond between sodium and phosphorous.

the reaction will be as follows.

there, are three sodium sodium atoms and each of them will donate its one extra electron to phosphorous atom. thus, the sub-shell of phosphorous gets completely filled.  

thus, we can conclude that electrons are transferred from atoms of sodium to atoms of phosphorous. this transfer makes the sodium atoms donate one electron and the phosphorous atoms to gain one electron. as a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly attract each other.