What type of covalent bond is found between the carbon and oxygen atoms in the carbon dioxide molecule? how do you know this?

Non-polar.

This is because there are no lone pair valence electrons on the central atom (Carbon) when this is plotted on a Lewis Dot Structure.

Since Oxygen double bonds and Carbon holds 4 valence electrons, all center electrons are paired, thus sharing everything equally and making the molecule non-polar.

Hope this helps!

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