Adoctor who charges his patient for a more expensive procedure than the one performed and then justifies it by saying "i didn't hurt anyone, i still provided the needed care," is an example of what

That is an example of overtreatment.
Overtreatment is the term that is used to describe medical professionals who give unecessary health care in order to obtan higher profit compared to the necessary treatment. According to surveys, around 40% of doctors conducted this practice every year.