Marketing costs are high in the introductory stage of the product life cycle because: a. product design changes become stylistic rather than functional. b. high dealer margins are often needed to obtain adequate distribution. c. manufacturers scramble to sign up dealers and distributors. d. emphasis is given to communication of the differences between brands in the market.

Trade will take place: a. if the maximum that a consumer is willing and able to pay is less than the minimum price the producer is willing and able to accept for a good. b. if the maximum that a consumer is willing and able to pay is greater than the minimum price the producer is willing and able to accept for a good. c. only if the maximum that a consumer is willing and able to pay is equal to the minimum price the producer is willing and able to accept for a good. d. none of the above.