A provider of an index fund most likely uses a sampling replication procedure to track the index in order to: reduce transaction costs. select the constituent securities expected to provide the highest returns. produce a portfolio that will include other securities besides those in the index.

Firms like papa john’s, domino’s, and pizza hut sell pizza and other products that are differentiated in nature. while numerous pizza chains exist in most locations, the differentiated nature of these firms’ products permits them to charge prices above marginal cost. given these observations, is the pizza industry most likely a monopoly, perfectly competitive, monopolistically competitive, or an oligopoly industry?