Flash Card Inc. recently underwent a significant company-wide change that involved revision of its manufacturing and leadership processes. The result of this was a stronger emphasis on horizontal coordination. This level of change is referred to as .

The hawthorne works was a large western electric factory with 45,000 employees. during the 1920s and 1930s, hawthorne works was the site of some well-known industrial studies. in one of the studies, researchers investigated the impact of different working conditions on worker productivity. prior to the start of the study, researchers secretly measured workers' productivity for several weeks. then researchers chose two workers, who then chose their own teams. the teams were separated from the general workforce and completed their work in different experiment rooms where the researchers could observe them more easily. over a 5-year period researchers manipulated the structure of the workday for each team (number and duration of breaks and number of hours per shift). for each of these changes in working conditions, the researchers measured the effect on productivity. for some conditions, such as frequent short breaks, workers rebelled by intentionally decreasing productivity. why did the researchers secretly measure the workers' productivity before creating the two treatment groups? a, to create similar treatment groups so that a cause-and-effect relationship could be establishedb, to draw conclusions about the productivity of all workers in the plant based on the test groupsc, to directly control for confounding variablesd, to provide a baseline for measuring worker productivity

After hearing a knock at your front door, you are surprised to see the prize patrol from a large, well-known magazine subscription company. it has arrived with the good news that you are the big winner, having won $21 million. you have three options.(a) receive $1.05 million per year for the next 20 years.(b) have $8.25 million today.(c) have $2.25 million today and receive $750,000 for each of the next 20 years. your financial adviser tells you that it is reasonable to expect to earn 13 percent on investments.

Labor unions have used which of the following to win passage of favorable laws such as shorter work weeks and the minimum wage? a. strikes b. collective bargaining c. lobbying d. lockouts