There are several ways that central banks can increase or decrease the money supply. Match the descriptions below with the corresponding policy tool. It is possible that a description does not apply to any of the terms. a. Open Market Operations
b. Reserve Requirement
c. Discount Rate

1. A government printing more currency.
2. An increase in the percentage of deposits that bank must keep on hand.
3. An increase in the interest rate that a central bank charges commercial banks for loans.
4. An increase in government spending
5. A central bank purchasing existing bonds.

An increase in the percentage of deposits that bank must keep on hand- RESERVE REQUIREMENT

2. An increase in the interest rate that a central bank charges commercial banks for loans - DISCOUNT RATE

Open Market Operations - A central bank purchasing existing bonds.

1 and 4 are not instances of monetary policy

Explanation:

Monetary policy are policies taken by the central bank of a country to shift aggregate demand.

Tools of monetary policy

1. Open market operations : government can either sell bonds to the public, this is known as open market sales. this is an example of an contractionary policy or it can buy bonds from the public. this is known as open market purchase. it is an expansionary policy

2. Reserve Requirement : Reserves are the proportion of deposits required by the central bank that banks keep

If reserve requirement is increased, it is an example of a contractionary policy. If on the other hand, it is reduced, it is an example of an expansionary policy.

3. Discount rate : this is the rate at which the central bank lends to commercial banks. An increase in discount rate is a contractionary policy while an decrease in discount rate is an expansionary policy

There are two types of monetary policy :

Expansionary monetary policy : these are polices taken in order to increase money supply. When money supply increases, aggregate demand increases. reducing interest rate and open market purchase are ways of carrying out expansionary monetary policy

Contractionary monetary policy : these are policies taken to reduce money supply. When money supply decreases, aggregate demand falls. Increasing interest rate and open market sales are ways of carrying out contractionary monetary policy

Goals of monetary policy include  

•financial market stability  

•economic growth

•high employment  

•price stability

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