If a loan has a nominal annual rate of 8%, then the effective rate can never be greater than 8%. b. If a loan or investment has annual payments, then the effective, periodic, and nominal rates of interest will all be different. c. The present value of a 3-year, $150 annuity due will exceed the present value of a 3-year, $150 ordinary annuity. d. The proportion of the payment that goes toward interest on a fully amortized loan increases over time.

1. gdp is calculated by summing consumption, investment, and exports of all final goods and services produced within the borders of a given country during a specific period the dollar value of all final goods and services produced within the borders of a given country during a specific period government expenditures within the borders of a given country during a specific period the quantity of all final goods and services produced within the borders of a given country during a specific period

1. descriptive statistics quickly describe large amounts of data can predict future stock returns with surprising accuracy statisticians understand non-numeric information, like colors refer mainly to patterns that can be found in data 2. a 15% return on a stock means that 15% of the original purchase price of the stock returns to the seller at the end of the year 15% of the people who purchased the stock will see a return the stock is worth 15% more at the end of the year than at the beginning the stock has lost 15% of its value since it was originally sold 3. a stock purchased on january 1 cost $4.35 per share. the same stock, sold on december 31 of the same year, brought in $4.75 per share. what was the approximate return on this stock? 0.09% 109% 1.09% 9% 4. a stock sells for $6.99 on december 31, providing the seller with a 6% annual return. what was the price of the stock at the beginning of the year? $6.59 $1.16 $7.42 $5.84

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e. g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.