Suppose that the Fed undertakes an open market sale, selling $1 million worth of securities to a bank. If the required reserve ratio is 8%, checkable deposits (or the money supply), would by million, assuming that there are no cash leakages and that banks hold zero excess reserves

Bernard made a gift of $500,000 to his brother in 2014. due to bernard’s prior taxable gifts he paid $200,000 of gift tax. when bernard died in 2019, the applicable gift tax credit had increased. at bernard’s death, what amount related to the $500,000 gift to his brother is included in his gross estate?