Jacob was assigned recently to a large team working on a major software release that was taking longer than expected. Jacob and the other latecomers into the project spent a month partnered with a senior programmer who went over the project in detail with them and got them up to speed. Unfortunately, this training put the project even farther behind schedule. After a few months of working on the project with many other programmers, Jacob's work output becomes noticeably lower than it was before when he was working independently. The loss of work time on the project because of the training is known as