Consider a hypothetical economy where there are no taxes and no international trade. Households spend $0.50 of each additional dollar they earn and save the remaining $0.50. If there are no taxes and no international trade, the oversimplified multiplier for this economy is Suppose that the price level in our economy remains the same and that there is still no international trade. Now, however, the government decides to implement an income tax of 5% on each dollar of income. The MPC and MPS, however, remain the same as before. In this case, after accounting for the impact of taxes, the multiplier in this economy is , and a $200 billion decrease in investment spending will lead to a billion in output.