) Calculate the real GDP in this country. Show your work. (b) Calculate the marginal propensity to consume. Show your work. (c) Suppose that the government increases spending from $200 billion to $300 billion. (i) Calculate the maximum change in real GDP. Show your work. (ii) Given the change in real GDP in part (c)(i), calculate the maximum level of the new equilibrium real GDP. Show your work. (d) Suppose that taxes decrease by $100 billion. Will the maximum change in real GDP be larger than, smaller than, or equal to the change in real GDP identified in part (c)(i)

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e. g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.