Assume that people have rational expectations and that the economy is described by the sticky- price model. Explain why each of the following propositions is true. 1. Only unanticipated changes in the money supply affect real GDP. Changes in the money supply that were anticipated when prices were set do not have any real effects.
2. If the Fed sets the money supply at the same time as people are setting prices, so that everyone has the same information about the state of the economy, then monetary policy cannot be used systematically to stabilize output. Hence, a policy of keeping the money supply constant will have the same real effects as a policy of adjusting the money supply in response to the state of the economy. (This is called the policy irrelevance proposition.)
3. If the Fed sets the money supply well after people have set prices, so that the Fed has collected more information about the state of the economy, thenmonetary policy can be used systematically to stabilize output.

Jimmy owns an ice cream parlor. he designs a schedule for the different tasks the employees have to perform in order to prevent monotony at work. according to the schedule, if an employee makes waffle cones on a day, he serves ice creams the next day and clears the tables on the day after that. jimmy is using the approach at his ice cream parlor.

5. profit maximization and shutting down in the short run suppose that the market for polos is a competitive market. the following graph shows the daily cost curves of a firm operating in this market. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 price (dollars per polo) quantity (thousands of polos) mc atc avc for each price in the following table, calculate the firm's optimal quantity of units to produce, and determine the profit or loss if it produces at that quantity, using the data from the previous graph to identify its total variable cost. assume that if the firm is indifferent between producing and shutting down, it will produce. (hint: you can select the purple points [diamond symbols] on the previous graph to see precise information on average variable cost.) price quantity total revenue fixed cost variable cost profit (dollars per polo) (polos) (dollars) (dollars) (dollars) (dollars) 12.50 135,000 27.50 135,000 45.00 135,000 if the firm shuts down, it must incur its fixed costs (fc) in the short run. in this case, the firm's fixed cost is $135,000 per day. in other words, if it shuts down, the firm would suffer losses of $135,000 per day until its fixed costs end (such as the expiration of a building lease). this firm's shutdown price—that is, the price below which it is optimal for the firm to shut down—is per polo.

Quick calculate the roi dollar amount and percentage for these example investments. a. you invest $50 in a government bond that says you can redeem it a year later for $55. use the instructions in lesson 3 to calculate the roi dollar amount and percentage. (3.0 points) tip: subtract the initial investment from the total return to get the roi dollar amount. then divide the roi dollar amount by the initial investment, and multiply that number by 100 to get the percentage. b. you invest $200 in stocks and sell them one year later for $230. use the instructions in lesson 3 to calculate the roi dollar amount and percentage. (3.0 points) tip: subtract the initial investment from the total return to get the roi dollar amount. then divide the roi dollar amount by the initial investment, and multiply that number by 100 to get the percentage.