Each payment of an annuity due is compounded for one less period, so the future value of an annuity due is equal to the future value of an ordinary annuity compounded for one additional period. The equation is: The present value of an ordinary annuity, PVAN, is the value today that would be equivalent to the annuity payments (PMT) received at fixed intervals over the annuity period. The equation is: Each payment of an annuity due is discounted for one additional period, so the present value of an annuity due is equal to the present value of an ordinary annuity multiplied by (1 + I). The equation is:

The former chairman of the federal reserve, alan greenspan, used the term "irrational exuberance" in 1996 to describe the high levels of optimism among stock market investors at the time. stock market indexes such as the s& p composite price index were at an all-time high. some commentators believed that the fed should intervene to slow the expansion of the economy. why would central banks want to clamp down when the economy is growing? a. to block the formation of unsustainable speculative asset bubbles. b. to curtail excessive profits in the banking system. c. to prevent inflationary forces from gathering momentum. d. all of the above. e. a and c only.