At the HWENTIA METROPOLITAN ASSEMBLY, a resolution was passed in line with the provisions of chapter 13 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana. During the meeting to pass the resolution, the Lord Mayor, Hon. Alhaji Prekese reiterated that “no money shall be spent for any purpose without the prior approval of the local assembly.” In approving the budget for the year, the Assembly had authorized spending of GHS 1,300,000 for road maintenance. Later in the year, after the Assembly had spent virtually the entire budgeted amount, a major storm washed out portions of several roads leading to one of the Local Authority Schools- Offinso Kokoti Local Authority Middle School (OKLAMS). The school was inaccessible, and the Lord Mayor wanted to enter into an emergency contract to repair the roads. City engineers estimated that the cost of the repairs would be about GHS 350,000. If the assembly entered into such a contract, the total amount spent on road maintenance for the year would be greater than the amount authorized. Recognizing the need for prompt action, the mayor immediately entered into the contract without seeking prior approval. Required:
Comment on the legal, financial, and accounting implications of this scenario.

Each of the following scenarios is based on facts in anactual fraud. categorize each scenario as primarily indicating (1) anincentive to commit fraud, (2) an opportunity to commit fraud, or(3) a rationalization for committing fraud. also state your reasoningfor each scenario. a. there was intense pressure to keep the corporation ' stock from declining further. this pressure came from investors, analysts, and the ceo, whose financial well-being was significantly dependent on the corporation ' s stock price. b. a group of top-level management was compensated (mostly in the form of stock-options) well in excess of what would be considered normal for their positions in this industry. c. top management of the company closely guards internal financial information, to the extent that even some employees on a “need-to-know basis” are denied full access. d. managing specific financial ratios is very important to the company, and both management and analysts are keenly observant of variability in key ratios. key ratios for the company changed very little even though the ratios for the overall industry were quite volatile during the time period. e. in an effort to reduce certain accrued expenses to meet budget targets, the cfo directs the general accounting department to reallocate a division’s expenses by a significant amount. the general accounting department refuses to acquiesce to the request, but the journal entry is made trough the corporate office. an accountant in the general accounting department is uncomfortable with the journal entries required to reallocate divisional expenses. he brings his concerns to the cfo, who assures him that everything will be fine and that the entries are necessary. the accountant considers resigning, but he does not have another job lined up and is worried about supporting his family. therefore, he never voices his concerns to either the internal or external auditors. f. accounting records were either nonexistent or in a state of such disorganization that significant effort was required to locate or compile them.

1. the political environment in india has proven to be critical to company performance for both pepsico and coca-cola india. what specific aspects of the political environment have played key roles? could these effects have been anticipated prior to market entry? if not, could developments in the political arena have been handled better by each company? 2. timing of entry into the indian market brought different results for pepsico and coca-cola india. what benefits or disadvantages accrued as a result of earlier or later market entry? 3. the indian market is enormous in terms of population and geography. how have the two companies responded to the sheer scale of operations in india in terms of product policies, promotional activities, pricing policies, and distribution arrangements? 4. “global localization” (glocalization) is a policy that both companies have implemented successfully. give examples for each company from the case.

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