Ed Flavorman, the chief executive of Flavor Best Ice Cream, believes that alternativeplans are almost as important as the primary operational plans because the market is so competitive and unpredictable. Ed endorses: a. tactical planning.
b. retroactive planning.
c. concurrent planning.
d. contingency planning.

D) contingency planning.

Explanation:

from the question we are informed about Ed Flavorman, the chief executive of Flavor Best Ice Cream, who believes that alternativeplans are almost as important as the primary operational plans because the market is so competitive and unpredictable. In this case Ed endorses contingency planning. Contingency planning can be regarded as a type of plan that is been set for an outcome instead of setting it up for usual plan. It is plan that is devices in risk management, and it is usually used by government as well as Businesses

answer; dogs;

answer/// equals both average variable cost and average total cost at their respective minimums;