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If a firm plans to issue new stock, flotation costs (investment bankers' fees) should not be ignored. there are two approaches to use to account for flotation costs. the first approach is to add the sum of flotation costs for the debt, preferred, and common stock and add them to the initial investment cost. because the investment cost is increased, the project's expected return is reduced so it may not meet the firm's hurdle rate for acceptance of the project. the second approach involves adjusting the cost of common equity as follows: . the difference between the flotation-adjusted cost of equity and the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment represents the flotation cost adjustment. quantitative problem: barton industries expects next year's annual dividend, d1, to be $1.90 and it expects dividends to grow at a constant rate g = 4.3%. the firm's current common stock price, p0, is $22.00. if it needs to issue new common stock, the firm will encounter a 6% flotation cost, f. assume that the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment is 12% and the cost of old common equity is 11.5%. what is the flotation cost adjustment that must be added to its cost of retaine

Over the past decade, brands that were once available only to the wealthy have created more affordable product extensions, giving a far broader range of consumers a taste of the good life. jaguar, for instance, launched its x-type sedan, which starts at $30,000 and is meant for the "almost rich" consumer who aspires to live in luxury. by marketing to people who desire a luxurious lifestyle, jaguar is using:

In 1975, mcdonald’s introduced its egg mcmuffin breakfast sandwich, which remains popular and profitable today. this longevity illustrates the idea of: