Rivera underpaid her income tax by $45,000. The IRS can prove that $40,000 of the underpayment was due to fraud. a. Determine Rivera's civil fraud penalty. $fill in the blank 1 b. Rivera pays the penalty five years after committing the fraudulent act. Compute the present value of Rivera's penalty. Assume her after-tax rate of return on available cash is 9%. The present value factor for 5 years and 9% is 0.6499. $fill in the blank 2

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Pennewell publishing inc. (pp) is a zero growth company. it currently has zero debt and its earnings before interest and taxes (ebit) are $80,000. pp's current cost of equity is 10%, and its tax rate is 40%. the firm has 10,000 shares of common stock outstanding selling at a price per share of $48.00. refer to the data for pennewell publishing inc. (pp). pp is considering changing its capital structure to one with 30% debt and 70% equity, based on market values. the debt would have an interest rate of 8%. the new funds would be used to repurchase stock. it is estimated that the increase in risk resulting from the added leverage would cause the required rate of return on equity to rise to 12%. if this plan were carried out, what would be pp's new value of operations? a. $484,359 b. $521,173 c. $584,653 d. $560,748 e. $487,805

Because this market is a monopolistically competitive market, you can tell that it is in long-run equilibrium by the fact thatmr=mc at the optimal quantity for each firm. furthermore, a monopolistically competitive firm's average total cost in long-run equilibrium isless than the minimum average total cost. true or false: this indicates that there is a markup on marginal cost in the market for engines. true false monopolistic competition may also be socially inefficient because there are too many or too few firms in the market. the presence of the externality implies that there is too little entry of new firms in the market.