Suppose the United States has two utilities, Commonweath Utilities and Consolidated Electric. Both produce 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide pollution per year. However, the marginal cost of reducing a ton of pollution for Consolidated Electric is $275 per ton and the marginal cost of reducing a ton of pollution for Commonwealth Utilities is $375 per ton. The government's goal is to cut sulfur dioxide pollution in half (by 20 million tons per year). a. If the government issues 10 million tradable pollution permits to each utility, what will be the cost of eliminating half of the pollution to society?

b. Using a cap-and-tradeLOADING... system of tradable emission allowances will eliminate half of the sulfur dioxide pollution at a cost of $ nothing million per year.

c. If the permits are not tradable, what will be the cost of eliminating half of the pollution?

d. If permits cannot be traded, then the cost of the pollution reduction

Calculate the cost of each capital component—in other words, the after-tax cost of debt, the cost of preferred stock (including flotation costs), and the cost of equity (ignoring flotation costs). use both the capm method and the dividend growth approach to find the cost of equity. calculate the cost of new stock using the dividend growth approach. what is the cost of new common stock based on the capm? (hint: find the difference between re and rs as determined by the dividend growth approach and then add that difference to the capm value for rs.)assuming that gao will not issue new equity and will continue to use the same target capital structure, what is the company’s wacc? e. suppose gao is evaluating three projects with the following characteristics. each project has a cost of $1 million. they will all be financed using the target mix of long-term debt, preferred stock, and common equity. the cost of the common equity for each project should be based on the beta estimated for the project. all equity will come from reinvested earnings. equity invested in project a would have a beta of 0.5 and an expected return of 9.0%.equity invested in project b would have a beta of 1.0 and an expected return of 10.0%.equity invested in project c would have a beta of 2.0 and an expected return of 11.0%.analyze the company’s situation, and explain why each project should be accepted or rejected g

In a chapter 7 bankruptcy, a debtor:

Slow ride corp. is evaluating a project with the following cash flows: year cash flow 0 –$12,000 1 5,800 2 6,500 3 6,200 4 5,100 5 –4,300 the company uses a 11 percent discount rate and an 8 percent reinvestment rate on all of its projects. calculate the mirr of the project using all three methods using these interest rates.