Excerpts from Dowling Company's December 31, 2021 and 2020, financial statements and key ratios are presented below (all numbers are in millions): 2021 2020 Accounts receivable (net) $ 20 $ 16 Net sales $ 115 $ 100 Cost of goods sold $ 60 $ 55 Net income $ 20 $ 17 Inventory turnover 5.22 Return on assets 10.3 % Equity multiplier 2.36 Dowling's 2021 profit margin is (rounded):

3. describe the purpose of the sec. (1-4 sentences. 2.0 points)

(a) what was the opportunity cost of non-gm food for many buyers before 2008? (b) why did they prefer the alternative? (c) what was the opportunity cost in 2008? (d) why did it change?

Adrawback of short-term contracting as an alternative to making a component in-house is thata. it is the most-integrated alternative to performing an activity so the principal company has no control over the agent. b. the supplying firm has no incentive to make any transaction-specific investments to increase performance or quality. c. it fails to allow a long planning period that individual market transactions provide. d. the buying firm cannot demand lower prices due to the lack of a competitive bidding process.