The Credit Alliance v. Arthur Andersen & Co. case established three tests that must be satisfied for holding auditors liable for negligence to third parties. All of the following are tests described except :. a) Knowledge by the accountant that the financial statements are to be used for a particular purpose.
b) The intention of the third party to rely on those statements.
c) Some action by the accountant linking hi or her to the third party than provides evidence of the accountant's understanding of intented reliance.
d) The identity of the third party must be directly known to the auditor.

D.

Explanation:

The Credit Alliance v. Arthur Andersen & Co. is a case that questions if an accountant should be held liable to the third party on whom it is reliable to his detriment absent privity of contract.

The Court of Appeals of New York, on July 2, 1985, affirmed that an auditor should not be held liable if they fulfill the following three requirements.

So, from the options stated in the question, one that is not included in this case is the fourth one. Thus the correct answer is option D.

being born in poverty would limit the people's chances, opportunities and benefits.

this happen because of several things, such as:

- poor people tend to gain less access to good education and nutrition. this mean that their chance to obtain high paying jobs would also be limited.

- poor people tend to socialize with other poor people while the rich tend to socialize with other rich people. this means that simply throguh their social circle, rich people would have more business opportunities compared to the poor people.

- rich people tend to have more capital in their disposal. this would benefit them in business since it is far easier for them to fund their business operation compared to poor people.