The Quimbys obtain a loan that starts out at 5.5% interest. After five years, the interest rate will adjust to whatever the current market rate is. This is known as a/an:

If this is a mortgage loan, it is called an adjustable rate mortgage (ARM) or if it is some other type of loan it is simply called an adjustable rate loan.

The name basically tells us everything about this type of loans, their interest rate varies and is adjusted periodically. The periods and adjustments vary depending on the specific loan, e.g. the Quimbys' loan is adjusted after 5 years, this period can be shorter or longer depending on the specific loan agreement.

borrow money from the government then pay the government back 5k

it established new limitations on use and disclosure for marketing purposes, prohibited selling medical information, expanded individuals’ rights to accessing their own information, and to obtain restrictions from certain disclosures of protected heath information to health plans.