In the context of motivation, which of the following is a difference between initiation of effort and direction of effort?

a. Initiation of effort is concerned with the amount of expectation a manager holds on the efforts that he or she can expect from an employee, whereas direction of effort is concerned with the accountability of each action taken by an employee toward the achievement of set goals.

b. Initiation of effort is concerned with the choices that people make about how long they will put forth effort in their jobs before reducing or eliminating those efforts, whereas direction of effort is concerned with the choices that people make about how much effort to put forth in their jobs.

c. Initiation of effort is concerned with how much effort an employee puts in when comparing his or her current job prospects with the other available opportunities, whereas direction of effort is concerned with the number of job offers an employee rejects before choosing the one that appears the most appropriate to him or her.

d. Initiation of effort is concerned with the choices that people make about how much effort to put forth in their jobs, whereas direction of effort is concerned with the choices that people make in deciding where to put forth effort in their jobs.

The chromosome manufacturing company produces two products, x and y. the company president, jean mutation, is concerned about the fierce competition in the market for product x. she notes that competitors are selling x for a price well below chromosome's price of $13.50. at the same time, she notes that competitors are pricing product y almost twice as high as chromosome's price of $12.50.ms. mutation has obtained the following data for a recent time period: product x product y number of units 11,000 3,000 direct materials cost per unit $3.23 $3.09 direct labor cost per unit $2.22 $2.10 direct labor hours 10,000 3,500 machine hours 2,100 1,800 inspection hours 80 100 purchase orders 10 30ms. mutation has learned that overhead costs are assigned to products on the basis of direct labor hours. the overhead costs for this time period consisted of the following items: overhead cost item amount inspection costs $16,200 purchasing costs 8,000 machine costs 49,000 total $73,200using direct labor hours to allocate overhead costs determine the gross margin per unit for product x. choose the best answer from the list below. a. $1.93b. $3.12c. $7.38d. $2.43e. $1.73using activity-based costing for overhead allocation, determine the gross margin per unit for product y. choose best answer from list below. a. $10.07b. ($2.27)c. ($5.23)d. ($7.02)e. $7.02

True or false: it is generally better to concentrate your exercise time on the weekends only for maximum aerobic benefit.

The wall street journal reported that over a recent five-month period, a downturn in the economy has caused endowments to decline 23%. what is the estimate of the dollar amount of the decline in the total endowments held by these 10 universities (to the nearest billion)?