What role do ratings agencies such as Moody's, Fitch Ratings, and Standard & Poor's play in the California budgeting process? They have a line-item veto on expenditures in the budget passed by the legislature. They determine the constitutionality of budget provisions or propositions. They provide guidance to the legislature on which expenditures are most cost effective. They release information to the public on how likely California is to repay its bonds.

One investigating company tracked all credit card purchase during 2012 and measured two variables: (1) the type of credit card used (visa, mastercard, american express, or discover), and (2) the amount (in dollars) of each purchase. identify the level of each variable measured.

The cost of capital: introduction the cost of capital: introduction companies issue bonds, preferred stock, and common equity to aise capital to invest in capital budgeting projects. capital is』necessary factor of production and like any other factor, it has a cost. this cost is equal to the select the applicable security. the rates of return that investors require on bonds, preferred stocks, and common equity represent the costs of those securities to the firm. companies estimate the required returns on their securities, calculate a weighted average of the costs of their different types of capital, and use this average cost for capital budgeting purposes. required return on rate: when calculating om operations when the firm's primary financial objective is to select shareholder value. to do this, companies invest in projects that earnselect their cost of capital. so, the cost of capital is often referred to as the -select -select and accruals, which a se spontaneously we hted average cost of capital wa c our concern is with capital that must be provided by select- 쑤 interest-bearing debt preferred stock and common equity. capital budgeting projects are undertaken, are not included as part of total invested capital because they do not come directly from investors. which of the following would be included in the caculation of total invested capital? choose the response that is most correct a. notes payable b. taxes payable c retained earnings d. responses a and c would be included in the calculation of total invested capital. e. none of the above would be included in the cakulation of total invested capital.

Jacob is a member of wcc (an llc taxed as a partnership). jacob was allocated $155,000 of business income from wcc for the year. jacob’s marginal income tax rate is 37 percent. the business allocation is subject to 2.9 percent of self-employment tax and 0.9 percent additional medicare tax. (round your intermediate calculations to the nearest whole dollar a) what is the amount of tax jacob will owe on the income allocation if the income is not qualified business income? b) what is the amount of tax jacob will owe on the income allocation if the income is qualified business income (qbi) and jacob qualifies for the full qbi duduction?