At January 1, 2020, Bonita Company reported retained earnings of $2,026,000. In 2020, Bonita discovered that 2019 depreciation expense was understated by $405,200. In 2020, net income was $985,000 and dividends declared were $225,000. The tax rate is 20%. Prepare a 2020 retained earnings statement for Bonita Company.

Bonita Company 2020 Retained Earnings Statement

Adjusted Beginning Retained Earnings - $1,620,800

Add Net Income less Tax ($985,000 - $197,000) - $788,000

Less Dividend Declared  - $225,000

Balance  - $2,183,800

Explanation:

a) The opening retained earnings given is adjusted for understated depreciation.  To gives an adjusted retained earnings balance of $1,620,800 ($2,026,000 - $405,200).

b)Tax is equal to 20% of $985,000 net income, i.e. = $197,000.  This gives a net income after tax of $788,000 ($985,000 - $197,000).  Tax is charged before dividends are declared.

c) The amount of the dividends declared is deducted from the net income after tax to arrive at retained earnings for the year.

d) The opening balance on retained earnings, plus retained earnings for the year less dividends, gives the closing balance on retained earnings.

e) Retained Earnings are the profits which a company does not distribute to its investors.  They are used to grow the company and they subsequently increase the returns to investors in the form of future dividends or share price appreciation.

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sound is invisible, but sometimes we can feel it. when a kettle-drum is thumped with a stick that time the tight drum skin moving up and down very quickly for some time and then it pumped sound waves into the air. loudspeakers also work in a similar manner.

components of a speaker:

electromagnet

in order to translate an electrical signal into an audible sound, an electromagnet is used in looudspeakers

  suspension

suspension is used to   center the voice coil in the gap of the magnet and it exerts a restoring force to keep it there. suspension is used to limits the maximum mechanical excursion of the diaphragm and voice coil.

voice coil

voice coil is a coil of wire which is attached to the apex of a loudspeaker cone. it provides the motive force to the cone by the reaction of a magnetic field to the current passing through it.

cone

in a   loudspeaker, a   thin, semi-rigid membrane attached to the voice coil, which moves in a magnetic gap due to which it vibrates   and produced sound. it is known as diaphragm and it can also be called a cone, though not all speaker diaphragms are cone-shaped.

surround

surround is also known as front suspension. surround is used to join the cone to the chassis. together with the suspension it controls the cone excursion, and it is also used to   determine how energy which is   travelling through the cone is absorbed, and how the speaker limits when it reaches the ends of its travel.

dustcap

dustcap is used to protect the voice coil from dust and dirt. it is a part of the cone.

how speaker work

the outer part of the cone is fastened to the outer part of the loudspeaker's circular metal rim. the inner part is fixed to   voice coil that sits just in front of a permanent magnet . when loudspeaker is hooked up to a stereo, electrical signals feed through the speaker cables into the coil. it will convert the coil into an electromagnet magnet . when electricity flows back and forth in the cables, the electromagnet either repels or attract the permanent magnet. this moves the coil back and forth, and it pull and push the loudspeaker cone. like a drum skin vibrating back and forth, the moving cone pumps sounds out into the air.in this way loudspeakers works.