Fixed-income securities consist of debt instruments and preferred stock. Bonds are debt securities in which a borrower promises to pay a specified interest rate and principal at a future date. The entity that promises to make the interest and maturity payments for a bond issue is called the .

The entity that promises to make the interest and maturity payments for a bond issue is called the issuer.

Explanation:

The probability of a bond issue that is going into default can be identified with the bond ratings.

A bond is a contract made between two parties. The bonds are generally issued by the companies and governments. The bonds are issued to borrow large amounts of money. Investors buy the bonds and pay money to the issuer.

An issuer is a person who registers or sells the bonds legally to meet their finances. Government, corporation, investment trusts are some of the bond issuers.

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"we first find value of tax in dollars.

the difference between the two prices   is: 23. 54 - 22 = 1.54

therefore the sales tax in dollars is 1.54

the tax % will be   (amount of tax / original cost price ) × 100

(1.54 / 22) × 100  → (0.07) × 100 =   7

so the tax rate is 7%

we can double check the answer.

7 % of 22   → (7/100) × 22 → 0.07 × 22 = 1.54

22 + 1.54 = 23.54"