A large firm in the newspaper industry employs 250 people, of which 36 are upper-level managers. As a result of this employee-to-manager ratio, the firm experiences 14.4% reduced productivity. At the same time, a small firm with 65 employees and 4 upper-level managers experiences 6.2% reduced productivity. If everything else is constant, what can we say about the cost structure in this industry over this range of production?

In 2017, "a public university was awarded a federal reimbursement grant" of $18 million to carry out research. of this, $12 million was intended to cover direct costs and $6 million to cover overhead. in a particular year, the university incurred $4 million in allowable direct costs and received $3.4 million from the federal government. it expected to incur the remaining costs and collect the remaining balance in 2018. for 2017 it should recognize revenues from the grant of