White Water Rafting Company manufactures kayaks, which sell for $545 each. The variable costs of production (per unit) are as follows: Direct Material $ 185 Direct labor 100 Variable manufacturing overhead 90 Budgeted fixed overhead in 20x1 was $336,000 and budgeted production was 42,000 kayaks. The year's actual production was 42,000 units, of which 36,000 were sold. Variable selling and administrative costs were $4 per unit sold; fixed selling and administrative costs were $88,000. Required: A. Calculate the product cost per kayak under (a) absorption costing and (b) variable costing. B. Prepare operating income statements for the year using (a) absorption costing and (b) variable costing. C. Reconcile reported operating income under the two methods using the shortcut method.

Calculate the cost of each capital component—in other words, the after-tax cost of debt, the cost of preferred stock (including flotation costs), and the cost of equity (ignoring flotation costs). use both the capm method and the dividend growth approach to find the cost of equity. calculate the cost of new stock using the dividend growth approach. what is the cost of new common stock based on the capm? (hint: find the difference between re and rs as determined by the dividend growth approach and then add that difference to the capm value for rs.)assuming that gao will not issue new equity and will continue to use the same target capital structure, what is the company’s wacc? e. suppose gao is evaluating three projects with the following characteristics. each project has a cost of $1 million. they will all be financed using the target mix of long-term debt, preferred stock, and common equity. the cost of the common equity for each project should be based on the beta estimated for the project. all equity will come from reinvested earnings. equity invested in project a would have a beta of 0.5 and an expected return of 9.0%.equity invested in project b would have a beta of 1.0 and an expected return of 10.0%.equity invested in project c would have a beta of 2.0 and an expected return of 11.0%.analyze the company’s situation, and explain why each project should be accepted or rejected g

Aprimary advantage of organizing economic activity within firms is thea. ability to coordinate highly complex tasks to allow for specialized division of labor. b. low administrative costs because of reduced bureaucracy. c. eradication of the principal-agent problem. d. high-powered incentive to work as salaried employees for an existing firm.

Identify whether the statements are true or false by dragging and dropping the appropriate term into the bin provided. long-run economic growth is unlikely to be sustainable because of finite natural resources. in the modern economy, countries that possess few domestic natural resources essentially have no chance to develop economically. finding alternatives to natural resources will be very important to long-term economic growth. in the modern economy, human and physical capital are generally less important in productivity than natural resources. in the 19th century, countries with the highest per capita gdp were nearly always abundant in minerals and productive farming land.