Define and discuss the four common denominators of all organizations, and provide an example for each component. What is the difference between an open and closed system? Provide an example for each system.

The four common denominator of every organisation is a)common purpose, b) coordinated effort, c)division of labor, d) hierarchy of authority.

Explanation: Every organisation lembodied with these four common denominators:

1) coordination of effort - This is the formulation and enforcement of policies, rules, and regulations achieved through working together in a way that will maximize resources. individuals and groups contribute their effort through diverse skill sets to create value. For example every company consists of different diverse skill set- accountant, manager, clerk, security guard, etc all these people come together to fuse Thier skills in an effective running of any organization.

2)a common goal: This is achieved when every member of an organisation understands it's company's mission, strategy, and values, it tends to bring unity in the organisation and achieve success. For example When a new employee joins a business, he /she would try to fit into the existing culture which is due to a sense of belonging they feel that they will succeed by taking up the behaviors of people whom have had long membership in the culture and worthy of emulation.

3.) division of labor - This occurs when the common goal is pursued by individuals performing discrete parts of a task for greater efficiency for example in a production company Each worker performs a specific task . boosting productivity and efficiency.

4)hierarchy of authority- Also called the chain of command, is a control mechanism which aims to making people do the right things at the all times by enabling them make decisions quickly when necessary. Here order flows from the topmost pyramid of hierarchy to the lowest pyramid m for example

Nicholas receives a report from his Quality control team that a new drug has successfully passed all regulatory tests and is ready for production and sales to the public. Nicholas then sends directions to his head of finance to prepare a budget for financing the manufacturing and marketingof the new drug. He directs his marketing president to develop a marketing plan production manager to develop a production schedule based on the projected budget received from the finance manager.

Each managers will delegate part of their task to their respective department heads who will in turn, delegate some tasks to the members of respective team. Once the task has been completed, the information will flow back up through the hierarchy to Nicholas where it will be assessed and further decisions and directives will be made.

B)

---Open system: An Open system is an adaptive system with porous boundaries which allows exchange of ideas and information whether random or defined with useful feedback . It interacts with its outside environment and thus exchanges information to change thier system with changing conditions in terms of improvement and development. Examples include Hospitals, educational Sectors, Buisness organisation s etc.

--Closed systems, unlike open systems, are not adaptive, or porous. Only very thorough little information is exchanged.

A closed system does not need interactions with its environment and most times isolates from the environment to function effectively. Such systems are very a rare. Examples include the Millitary- army, Monasteries.

answer( isp );

answer(b) revenue account which increases;