Roland and Kelly were involved in a car accident in which Kelly was badly injured and had to be hospitalized. After the accident was investigated, it was determined that Roland's negligence was the cause of the accident. He was charged with reckless driving, a crime. In criminal proceedings, what course of action should Roland take to prevent Kelly from using evidence of his guilt against him in a subsequent civil trial seeking recovery for her injuries and hospital bills?a. plead not guilty and go to trial b. enter into a plea of nolo contendere c. plead guilty and serve the punishment set by the government, as this will suffice as the all-binding punishment for the crime d. enter into a plea bargain with the government and pay a nominal penalty set by the government

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e. g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.