Which of these guidelines helpful to maximizing the effectiveness of a brainstorming session is defined as, "Participants are encouraged to exchange ideas, further develop those ideas during the session, and to respect the opinions of others"? a. Respectful communication. b. Quantity of idea generation. c. Suspension of criticism. d. Freedom of expression.

The common stock and debt of northern sludge are valued at $65 million and $35 million, respectively. investors currently require a return of 15.9% on the common stock and a return of 7.8% on the debt. if northern sludge issues an additional $14 million of common stock and uses this money to retire debt, what happens to the expected return on the stock? assume that the change in capital structure does not affect the interest rate on northern’s debt and that there are no taxes.