Identify whether each example in below is a programmed or nonprogrammed decision.
1. You have a budget of $50,000, and you want to remodel your kitchen. Fortunately, you know a number of different contractors, but all of them have different ideas about the best way to remodel a kitchen. Your decision about which contractor to use is a .
2. Last spring, your spouse surprised you with a puppy (named Loki after the Norse god of mischief). Fortunately, the puppy gets along well with your 17 cats. The decision you make every day about whether to feed Loki is a .
3. An accounting firm is deciding whether to renew the lease at its current building or relocate to one located several blocks away. This requires considering whether the current prestigious address is worth paying higher rent, the inconvenience and expense of moving the office, and a variety of other factors. This is a .
4. Every morning when you walk into Starbucks, you order the same thing: a venti green tea Frappuccino with extra whipped cream. You can't drink anything else at Starbucks because you don't like hot beverages, coffee, or black tea, and you like your beverages tall and creamy. Your decision about what to order at Starbucks today is a .

The answers are:

1. nonprogrammed decision

2. programmed decision

3. nonprogrammed decision

4. programmed decision

Explanation:

Programmed decisions are decisions for which the decision maker has developed certain set of guiding rules for, over time, as a result of repetition. Here the results can be predicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy, because the situations surrounding the circumstances are well known. In our example, feeding the puppy overtime has become routine, hence it is a programmed decision, also, the choice of tea at Starbucks is a programmed decision because you know what to expect and that is because you have tried the other varieties and come to a conclusion on the choices to be made which is well understood.

On the contrary, a nonprogrammed or nonroutine decision is a decision that is based on circumstances that are not entirely predictable to a reasonable extent. The structure of the circumstances surrounding the decision to be made is not well understood. There are so many "what ifs". These decisions can be said to be novel, and they are not routine. In our example, the choice of the constructor to use for your kitchen design and the decision by the accounting firm on whether to renew the lease or relocate are nonprogrammed because these decisions are not everyday decisions and the decision makers are not certain what the outcomes will be depending on the choices they make, if they will eventually regret it or not.

sound is invisible, but sometimes we can feel it. when a kettle-drum is thumped with a stick that time the tight drum skin moving up and down very quickly for some time and then it pumped sound waves into the air. loudspeakers also work in a similar manner.

components of a speaker:

electromagnet

in order to translate an electrical signal into an audible sound, an electromagnet is used in looudspeakers

  suspension

suspension is used to   center the voice coil in the gap of the magnet and it exerts a restoring force to keep it there. suspension is used to limits the maximum mechanical excursion of the diaphragm and voice coil.

voice coil

voice coil is a coil of wire which is attached to the apex of a loudspeaker cone. it provides the motive force to the cone by the reaction of a magnetic field to the current passing through it.

cone

in a   loudspeaker, a   thin, semi-rigid membrane attached to the voice coil, which moves in a magnetic gap due to which it vibrates   and produced sound. it is known as diaphragm and it can also be called a cone, though not all speaker diaphragms are cone-shaped.

surround

surround is also known as front suspension. surround is used to join the cone to the chassis. together with the suspension it controls the cone excursion, and it is also used to   determine how energy which is   travelling through the cone is absorbed, and how the speaker limits when it reaches the ends of its travel.

dustcap

dustcap is used to protect the voice coil from dust and dirt. it is a part of the cone.

how speaker work

the outer part of the cone is fastened to the outer part of the loudspeaker's circular metal rim. the inner part is fixed to   voice coil that sits just in front of a permanent magnet . when loudspeaker is hooked up to a stereo, electrical signals feed through the speaker cables into the coil. it will convert the coil into an electromagnet magnet . when electricity flows back and forth in the cables, the electromagnet either repels or attract the permanent magnet. this moves the coil back and forth, and it pull and push the loudspeaker cone. like a drum skin vibrating back and forth, the moving cone pumps sounds out into the air.in this way loudspeakers works.

answercompetitive advantage;