Clam Gulch is a very popular clamming beach in Alaska. On good low tides, clammers can easily gather 60 clams (the state limit). However, cleaning and preparing the clams is a slow and labor-intensive process, if done properly. There is considerable wastage of this clam resource due to improper preparation. Economists would explain this wastage by saying that:
a. clams are free goods and hence subject to the tragedy of the commons effect.
b. clammers need to be taught better preparation methods.
c. clammers are just lazy and ignorant. the cost of preparation is too high.
d. all of the above.

cognitive overload: having a lot on your mind impairs decision-making and tends to result in the simplest, but not necessarily best, option being selected.

empathy gaps: overlooking how you might feel in a different situation can result in unnecessary purchases, such as overbuying when shopping for food on an empty stomach.

optimism and overconfidence: wearing rose-tinted glasses and having unrealistic expectations about the future can affect money management and leave you unprepared for a change in circumstance.

instant gratification: seeking instant gratification drives impulsive spending and can undermine long-term planning and savings.

harmful habits: automatic or mindless behaviour can amplify a poor financial decision as it becomes a recurring event.

social norms: we are heavily influenced by the actions of others; while this can be in certain circumstances, it also contributes to the pressure to keep up with the joneses through conspicuous consumption.

muslims control the north africa during the period of 1500 up

to 1800. they made a barrier to prevent further european exploration from

entering the africa from the north. however, the dutch ware still able to move

toward the interior with having south africa as one of the routes leading to

the east for trading with asia.