Clam Gulch is a very popular clamming beach in Alaska. On good low tides, clammers can easily gather 60 clams (the state limit). However, cleaning and preparing the clams is a slow and labor-intensive process, if done properly. There is considerable wastage of this clam resource due to improper preparation. Economists would explain this wastage by saying that:
a. clams are free goods and hence subject to the tragedy of the commons effect.
b. clammers need to be taught better preparation methods.
c. clammers are just lazy and ignorant. the cost of preparation is too high.
d. all of the above.