Linda and richard are married and file a joint return for 2015. during the year, linda, who works as an accountant for a national airline, used $2,100 worth of free passes for travel on the airline; richard used the same amount. linda and richard also used $850 worth of employee discount coupons for hotel rooms at the hotel chain that is also owned by the airline. richard is employed at state university as an accounting clerk. under a tuition reduction plan, richard saved $4,000 in tuition fees during 2015. he is studying for a master's degree in business at night while still working full-time. richard also had $30 worth of personal typing done by his secretary at the university. what is the amount of fringe benefits that should be included in linda and richard's gross income on their 2015 tax return?

The business cycle is the periodic but irregular up-and-down movement in economic activity, measured by fluctuations in real gross domestic product (gdp) and other macroeconomic variables. a business cycle is typically characterized by four phases—recession, recovery, growth, and decline—that repeat themselves over time. economists note, however, that complete business cycles vary in length. the duration of business cycles can be anywhere from about two to twelve years, with most cycles averaging six years in length. some business analysts use the business cycle model and terminology to study and explain fluctuations in business inventory and other individual elements of corporate operations. but the term "business cycle" is still primarily associated with larger (industry-wide, regional, national, or even international) business trends.