Which of the following expresses the value of a levered firm (vl) in the static tradeoff model of optimal capital structure [note: vu denotes the value of the unlevered firm; cfd denotes expected costs of financial distress; and pv denotes present value.]

a. vl = pv(tax shield) - pv(cfd)

b. vl = vu + pv(tax shield) / pv(cfd)

c. vl = vu + pv(tax shield) - pv(cfd)

d. vl = vu + pv(tax shield)

Which of the following is likely not a benefit of requiring a grand jury to listen to and examine all of the evidence against a person suspected of committing a serious crime and then independently deciding whether or not to hand down an indictment? 1.the grand jury system provides the accused another safeguard against being sent to trial and facing conviction based on flawed evidence. 2.the members of the grand jury are drawn from the community and are empowered to render independent decisions about whether or not the government has collected enough evidence to bring an individual to trial. 3.the grand jury’s decision can provide prosecutors insight into what is necessary to build a sufficient case if a similar crime is presented later. 4.the grand jury is impaneled to rubber-stamp prosecutors’ cases, which makes it possible for more cases to reach trial.