When words are insufficient to explain the quantitative relationship between two variables(i. e., stimulus andresponse, cause andeffect), economists often
1. spreadsheets
2. flow charts
3. mathematical equations

What is the relationship between marginal external cost, marginal social cost, and marginal private cost? a. marginal social cost equals marginal private cost plus marginal external cost. b. marginal private cost plus marginal social cost equals marginal external cost. c. marginal social cost plus marginal external cost equals marginal private cost. d. marginal external cost equals marginal private cost minus marginal social cost. marginal external cost a. is expressed in dollars, so it is not an opportunity cost b. is an opportunity cost borne by someone other than the producer c. is equal to two times the marginal private cost d. is a convenient economics concept that is not real

Which of the following statements is correct? stockholders should generally be happier than bondholders to have managers invest in risky projects with high potential returns as opposed to safe projects with lower expected returns. potential conflicts between stockholders and bondholders are increased if a firm's bonds are convertible into its common stock. takeovers are most likely to be attempted if the target firm’s stock price is above its intrinsic value. one advantage of operating a business as a corporation is that stockholders can deduct their pro rata share of the taxes the firm pays, thereby eliminating the double taxation investors would face in a partnership.

Which of the following best explains why buying a house is more beneficial than renting? a. buying is a personal investment while renting involves giving money to the landlord. b. the monthly payments on a mortgage are generally lower than rent on an apartment. c. it's easier to sell a house than it is to get a landlord to break a rental agreement. d. housing prices can go up and down quickly in comparison to the level of rents.