Companies pay rating agencies such as moody's and s& p to rate their bonds, and the costs can be substantial.
however, companies are not required to have their bonds rated in the first place; doing so is strictly voluntary.

why do you think they do it?

You are the manager of a large crude-oil refinery. as part of the refining process, a certain heat exchanger (operated at high temperatures and with abrasive material flowing through it) must be replaced every year. the replacement and downtime cost in the first year is $165 comma 000. this cost is expected to increase due to inflation at a rate of 7% per year for six years (i. e. until the eoy 7), at which time this particular heat exchanger will no longer be needed. if the company's cost of capital is 15% per year, how much could you afford to spend for a higher quality heat exchanger so that these annual replacement and downtime costs could be eliminated?

What is the minimum educational requirement for a pediatric psychopharmacologist? a. md b. phd c. bachelors in medicine d. masters in medicine e. psyd

Lee earns $1,482 of interest in 270 days after making a deposit of $15,200. find the interest rate.