18. best around, inc. is a manufacturer of vacuums and uses standard costing. manufacturing overhead (both variable and fixed) is allocated to products on the basis of budgeted machine-hours. in 2014, budgeted fixed manufacturing overhead cost was $20,000. actual manufacturing overhead was $23,180 fixed. additional information about the company’s performance report is as follows: • variable manufacturing overhead spending variance $2,282 f • variable manufacturing overhead efficiency variance $2,478 f • production-volume variance $4,000 f if the company uses a denominator level of 1,000 hours and a variable overhead rate of $42 per machine hour, the actual variable overhead incurred during the year was:

Fanning company is considering the addition of a new product to its cosmetics line. the company has three distinctly different options: a skin cream, a bath oil, or a hair coloring gel. relevant information and budgeted annual income statements for each of the products follow. skin cream bath oil color gel budgeted sales in units (a) 110,000 190,000 70,000 expected sales price (b) $8 $4 $11 variable costs per unit (c) $2 $2 $7 income statements sales revenue (a × b) $880,000 $760,000 $770,000 variable costs (a × c) (220,000) (380,000) (490,000) contribution margin 660,000 380,000 280,000 fixed costs (432,000) (240,000) (76,000) net income $228,000 $140,000 $204,000 required: (a) determine the margin of safety as a percentage for each product. (b) prepare revised income statements for each product, assuming a 20 percent increase in the budgeted sales volume. (c) for each product, determine the percentage change in net income that results from the 20 percent increase in sales. (d) assuming that management is pessimistic and risk averse, which product should the company add to its cosmetics line? (e) assuming that management is optimistic and risk aggressive, which product should the company add to its cosmetics line?