Bowdeen manufacturing intends to issue callable, perpetual bonds with annual coupon payments and a par value of $1,000. the bonds are callable at $1,205. one-year interest rates are 11 percent. there is a 60 percent probability that long-term interest rates one year from today will be 10 percent, and a 40 percent probability that they will be 8 percent. assume that if interest rates fall the bonds will be called. what coupon rate should the bonds have in order to sell at par value? (do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e. g., 32.16.)

Suppose a firm faces a fixed price of output, 푝푝= 1200. the firm hires workers from a union at a daily wage, 푤푤, to produce output according to the production function 푞푞= 2퐸퐸12. there are 225 workers in the union. any union worker who does not work for this firm is guaranteed to find nonunion employment at a wage of $96 per day. a. what is the firm’s labor demand function? b. if the firm is allowed to choose 푤푤, but then the union decides how many workers to provide (up to 225) at that wage, what wage will the firm set? how many workers will the union provide? what is the firm’s output and profit? what is the total income of the 225 union workers? c. now suppose that the union sets the wage, but the firm decides how many workers to hire at that wage (up to 225). what wage will the union set to maximize the total income of all 225 workers? how many workers will the firm hire? what is the firm’s output and profit? what is the total income of the 225 union workers? [hint: to maximize total income of union, take the first order condition with respect to w and set equal to 0.]