For each of the following, specify whether the foreign direct investment is horizontal or vertical; in addition, describe whether that investment represents an fdi inflow or outflow from the countries that mentioned.

(a) mcdonald's (a u. s. multinational) opens up and operates new restaurants in europe.
(b) total (a french oil multinational) buys ownership and exploration rights to oil fields in cameroon.
(c) volkswagen(a german multinational auto producer) opens some new dealerships in the united states.
(d) nestle (a swiss multinational producer of food and drinks) builds a new factory in bulgaria to produce kit kat chocolate bars. (kit kat bars are produced by nestle in 17 countries around the world.)

What is product differentiation, and how can it be achieved ? what is product positioning? what conditions would head to head product positioning be appropriate?

Abc factory produces 24,000 units. the cost sheet gives the following information: direct materials rs. 1,20,000direct labour rs. 84,000variable overheads rs. 48,000semi variable overheads rs. 28,000fixed overheads rs. 80,000total cost rs. 3,60,000presently the product is sold at rs. 20 per unit. the management proposes to increase the production by 3,000 units for sales in the foreign market . it is estimated that semi variable overheads will increase by rs. 1,000. but the product will be sold at rs. 14 per unit in the foreign market. however, no additional capital expenditure will be incurredq-1. what is present profit of the company ? q-2. what is proposed profit of the company in new market? q-3.what is suggestion for new makret proposal whether proposal accept or not

Aprimary advantage of organizing economic activity within firms is thea. ability to coordinate highly complex tasks to allow for specialized division of labor. b. low administrative costs because of reduced bureaucracy. c. eradication of the principal-agent problem. d. high-powered incentive to work as salaried employees for an existing firm.