Justin gold, founder of the justin’s brand of organic nut butters, nut butter cups and snack packs, is an entrepreneur at heart. after wondering why peanut butter was only available in two flavors, he started to experiment with making his own nut butters. with the encouragement of his friends and family, he began selling his nut butter creations and thus, the justin’s brand was born. to stand out on the crowded grocery shelf, justin’s needed a point of differentiation. initially, this difference came in the form of a nut butter squeeze pack. with constant innovation, justin’s has positioned itself as a high quality brand that has a passion for natural and organic foods and a concern for the environment. the future of the justin’s brand is bright. hormel’s acquisition of the justin’s brand gives justin’s increased access to distribution channels, more access to high quality suppliers, and world-class brand management knowledge. traditionally, nut butters have been packaged in large cylindrical screw-top jars. justin’s also offers its nut butters in single-serving squeeze packs which consumers see nut butter as a high protein on-the-go snack instead of a sandwich component. modifying the package to position nut butter as an on-the-go snack is an example of

The leading producer of cell phone backup batteries, jumpstart, has achieved great success because they produce high-quality battery backups that are not too expensive. even so, another company that produces lower-quality batteries at the same price has also achieved some success, but not as much as jumpstart. also, in general, the price of backup batteries has declined because of economies of scale and learning. in addition, jumpstart has added complementary assets, such as a carrying case. considering all of these factors, the backup battery industry is most likely in the introduction stage. growth stage. shakeout stage. maturity stage.

Awidower devised his fee simple interest in his residence as follows: “to my daughter for life, then to my oldest grandchild who survives her.” at the time of the widower’s death, he was survived by his only two children, a son and a daughter, and by one grandchild, his daughter’s son. a short time later, the daughter together with her son entered into a contract to sell the residence in fee simple to a buyer. the applicable jurisdiction continues to follow the common law rule against perpetuities, but has abrogated the rule in shelley’s case. at the closing, the buyer refused to purchase the residence. can the sellers compel the buyer to do so?

Insurance companies have internal controls in place to protect assets, monitor the accuracy of accounting records and encourage operational efficiencies and adherence to policies. these internal controls are generally of two types: administrative controls and accounting controls. administrative controls are the policies and procedures that guide the daily actions of employees. accounting controls are the policies and procedures that delineate authorizations of financial transactions that are done, safeguard assets, and provide reports on the company’s financial status in a reliable and timely manner. internal controls should include both preventative and detective controls. the purpose of preventative controls is to stop problems and errors before they occur. detective controls identify problems after they have occurred. preventative controls are usually more effective at reducing problems, but they also tend to be more expensive. internal controls must be flexible to adjust for changes in laws and regulations in addition to adding new products or modifying current ones. companies must also do regular analyses to ensure that the benefits of implementing the controls are worth their costs. when concerned about paying unwarranted insurance claims which type of control would be useful?