Patrick works for mcgill’s computer repair, owned and operated by frank mcgill. as a computer technician, patrick has grown accustomed to friends and family members asking for assistance with their personal computers. in an effort to increase his income, patrick started a personal computer repair business that he operates out of his home on a part-time basis, working evenings and weekends. because patrick is doing this "on the side" for friends and family, he does not want to charge as much as mcgill’s charges its customers. when frank mcgill assigned patrick the task of developing the budget for his department, patrick increased the amount budgeted for computer parts. when the budget was approved, patrick purchased as many parts as the budget allowed, even when they were not needed. he then took the extra parts home to use in his personal business in an effort to keep his costs down and profits up. so far, no one at mcgill’s has asked about the parts expense because patrick has not allowed the actual amount spent to exceed the budgeted amount.1. why would patrick’s actions be considered fraudulent? 2. what can a company do to protect against this kind of business risk?

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e. g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.

In terms of the "great wheel of science", statistics are central to the research process (a) only between the hypothesis phase and the observation phase (b) only between the observation phase and the empirical generalization phase (c) only between the theory phase and the hypothesis phase (d) only between the empirical generalization phase and the theory phase

Which completes the equation? o + a + consideration (+ = k legal capacity legal capability legal injunction legal corporation