Which of the following procedures would an auditor most likely include in the planning phase of a financial statement audit?
a. obtain an understanding of the entity's risk assessment process.
b. identify specific internal control activities designed to prevent fraud.
c. evaluate the reasonableness of the entity's accounting estimates.
d. perform cutoff tests of the entity's sales and purchases.

Daniel owns 100 shares of abc corporation's common stock. abc uses the fair value option, and recent declines in the firm's credit rating have caused the value of the firm's outstanding bonds payable to drop by 10%. daniel feels this is good news, but he wants to know what you think about the situation. which of the following represents your best response? a : "this situation may be positive for you in that the change in abc's credit standing indicates that the value of the firm's assets is likely increasing. however, the drop in bond value may negate any positive effects on your bottom line, because it means your claim on the firm's assets is simultaneously decreasing." b : "actually, this is bad news all around. the drop in the value of abc's bonds payable means shareholders' claims on the firm's assets have decreased. moreover, abc's declining credit rating means that the firm's assets are probably also dropping in value, thus magnifying your losses even more." c : "on the surface, this seems like good news because it means your claim on the firm's assets has increased. however, the drop in creditworthiness may also indicate that abc's assets are declining in value, thus offsetting any gains associated with the drop in bonds payable." d : "you're right! this is good news because it means that abc's debtholders have a decreased claim on the firm's assets. as a result, the firm's existing shareholders"like you"have seen their claim on the firm's assets increase."

Gulliver travel agencies thinks interest rates in europe are low. the firm borrows euros at 5 percent for one year. during this time period the dollar falls 11 percent against the euro. what is the effective interest rate on the loan for one year? (consider the 11 percent fall in the value of the dollar as well as the interest payment.)

Arecession is defined as a period in which