(a) explain how market can provide both carrots and sticks to encourage innovation.
(b) how can production in firms, rather than families contribute to the growth of living standards?
(c) ? comment by briefly discussing how useful the insights are for the african countries and whether the required institutions are present in the countries.

Match each of the terms below with an example that fits the term. a. fungibility the production of gasoline b. inelasticity the switch from coffee to tea c. non-excludability the provision of national defense d. substitution the demand for cigarettes

The following extract was taken from the worksheet of special events bakers for the year 2019. special events bakers worksheet december 31, 2019 account names cash equipment accumulated depreciation minus− equipment unadjusted trial balance debit credit $ 6 comma 800$6,800 15 comma 20015,200 $ 8 comma 500$8,500 adjusted trial balance debit credit $ 6 comma 800$6,800 15 comma 20015,200 $ 10 comma 000$10,000 for the above information, determine the amount of depreciation expense for the equipment used in the business

Afirm's before-tax cost of debt, rd, is the interest rate that the firm must pay on debt. because interest is tax deductible, the relevant cost of debt used to calculate a firm's wacc is the cost of debt, rd (1 – t). the cost of debt is used in calculating the wacc because we are interested in maximizing the value of the firm's stock, and the stock price depends on cash flows. it is important to emphasize that the cost of debt is the interest rate on debt, not debt because our primary concern with the cost of capital is its use in capital budgeting decisions. the rate at which the firm has borrowed in the past is because we need to know the cost of capital. for these reasons, the on outstanding debt (which reflects current market conditions) is a better measure of the cost of debt than the . the on the company's -term debt is generally used to calculate the cost of debt because more often than not, the capital is being raised to fund -term projects. quantitative problem: 5 years ago, barton industries issued 25-year noncallable, semiannual bonds with a $1,600 face value and a 8% coupon, semiannual payment ($64 payment every 6 months). the bonds currently sell for $845.87. if the firm's marginal tax rate is 40%, what is the firm's after-tax cost of debt? round your answer to 2 decimal places. do not round intermediate calcu