Pharmaceutical benefits managers (pbms) are intermediaries between upstream drug manufacturers and downstream insurance companies. they design formularies (lists of drugs that insurance will cover) and negotiate prices with drug companies. pbms want a wider variety of drugs available to their insured populations, but at low prices. suppose that a pbm is negotiating with the makers of two nondrowsy allergy drugs, claritin and allegra, for inclusion on the formulary. the "value" or "surplus" created by including one nondrowsy allergy drug on the formulary is $80 million, but the value of adding a second drug is only $24 million. assume the pbm bargains by telling each drug company that it's going to reach an agreement with the other drug company. under the non-strategic view of bargaining, the pbm would earn a surplus ofmillion, while each drug company would earn a surplus ofmillion. now suppose the two drug companies merge. what is the likely postmerger bargaining outcome? under the nonstrategic view of bargaining, the pbm would earn a surplus ofmillion, while the merged drug company would earn a surplus ofmillion.

In december of 2004, the company you own entered into a 20-year contract with a grain supplier for daily deliveries of grain to its hot dog bun manufacturing facility. the contract called for "10,000 pounds of grain" to be delivered to the facility at the price of $100,000 per day. until february 2017, the supplier provided processed grain which could easily be used in your manufacturing process. however, no longer wanting to absorb the cost of having the grain processed, the supplier began delivering whole grain. the supplier is arguing that the contract does not specify the type of grain that would be supplied and that it has not breached the contract. your company is arguing that the supplier has an onsite processing plant and processed grain was implicit to the terms of the contract. over the remaining term of the contract, reshipping and having the grain processed would cost your company approximately $10,000,000, opposed to a cost of around $1,000,000 to the supplier. after speaking with in-house counsel, it was estimated that litigation would cost the company several million dollars and last for years. weighing the costs of litigation, along with possible ambiguity in the contract, what are three options you could take to resolve the dispute? which would be the best option for your business and why?

Suppose your rich uncle gave you $50,000, which you plan to use for graduate school. you will make the investment now, you expect to earn an annual return of 6%, and you will make 4 equal annual withdrawals, beginning 1 year from today. under these conditions, how large would each withdrawal be so there would be no funds remaining in the account after the 4th withdraw?

Before the tools that have come from computational psychiatry are ready to be used in everyday practice by psychiatrics, what is needed