The crowding-out effect works through interest rates to: 
a. increase the effectiveness of expansionary fiscal policy
b. decrease the effectiveness of expansionary fiscal policy
c. decrease the effectiveness of contractionary fiscal policy
d. increase the effectiveness of contractionary fiscal policy

Option (B) is correct.

Explanation:

Suppose there is an increase in the government spending which means that it is a expansionary fiscal policy, this will also results in an increase in the government borrowings. Now, this increase in the government borrowings will increase demand for the loanable funds, as a result interest rate increases. This rise in the interest rate will lead to a reduction in investment spending.

Hence, the government spending crowding out the investment spending. Therefore, crowding out reduces the effect of expansionary fiscal policy.

b. a single paragraph.

a paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and make sense, and are all related to a single topic . almost every piece of writing you do that is longer than a few sentences should be organized into paragraphs. this is because paragraphs show a reader where the subdivisions of an essay begin and end, and thus the reader see the organization of the essay into subjects in order to be able to understand its main points.

decentralization can the employees to get more involved in the business decision making