Both apple and nike produce their products and own retail outlets. they also rely on independent distributors to sell their offerings. apple and nike are utilizing to partially rely on outside-market firms while supporting their forward vertical integration strategy. (a) strategic alliances (b) strategic outsourcing (c) horizontal integration (d) taper integration

What could explain why a decrease in taxes could lead to a less-than-proportionate increase in output? a. as a result of diminishing returns to current consumption, consumers may choose to spread the extra spending over the long term rather than consuming the proceeds of a tax cut all at once. b. consumers may choose to save much of the tax cut in anticipation of having to pay higher taxes in the future. c. a decrease in taxes will necessitate lower government outlays, thus largely offsetting the higher consumption expenditures of households. d. all of the above. e. a and b only.