The estimated project beta is 1.5. the market return rm is 16%, and the risk-free rate rf is 7%. a. estimate the opportunity cost of capital and the project’s pv (using the same rate to discount each cash flow). b. what are the certainty-equivalent cash flows in each year? c. what is the ratio of the certainty-equivalent cash flow to the expected cash flow in each year? d. explain why this ratio declines.

Carlton industries is considering a new project that they plan to price at $74.00 per unit. the variable costs are estimated at $39.22 per unit and total fixed costs are estimated at $12,085. the initial investment required is $8,000 and the project has an estimated life of 4 years. the firm requires a return of 8 percent. ignore the effect of taxes. what is the degree of operating leverage at the financial break-even level of output?