Lichens and mosses, followed by grasses and shrubs, slowly take root on a newly formed volcanic island. eventually the grasses and shrubs are replaced by pine trees, which remain as a stable community. what is the role of pine trees in the island ecosystem?

The correct answer is climax community.

Explanation:

The mentioned event is an illustration of primary succession as the reason for the succession is the volcanic tendencies or eruptions that lead to the formation of poor soil for further development. The mosses and the lichens are known as the pioneer community, as they are the community that has colonize the area initially and are the life forms that developed first. While the pine trees are known as the climax community as post succession, they are the stable community.

the index of refraction of the second medium is higher. i just took the test trust me !