One probable cause of age-related dna and cellular abnormalities is accidental injuries, such as pulled muscles. the release of free radicals. wear-and-tear caused by excessive use. the programmed action of telomeres.

The correct answer is the release of free radicals.  In accidental injuries such as a pulled muscle, there will be a subsequent inflammation and the inflammatory process involves the release of inflammatory mediators which then will increase the migration of inflammatory cells (i.e. neutrophils, lymphocytes) on the site of inflammation. This influx of inflammatory cells will produce a large amount of free radicals (i.e. hydrogen peroxide, superoxide ions) which then will damage DNA.

The answer would be c, white eyes are homozygous recessive. in the early 1900s, morgan conducted several experiments with vinegar  flies (drosophila). one  sample revealed an anomaly: a  white-eyed, single male fly. he attempted to breed this fly with the typical red-eyed females. the offspring were all red-eyed. using flies from this new generation (brother-sister pairs)  produced some red-eyed and a few white-eyed flies. the white-eyed were all male. in later experiments, he was able to produce white-eyed females. this proved that white eyes are not lethal to either sex (ruling out a and b). since the percentage of white eyes to red eyes is so low, white eyes are not a dominant trait. it would be a recessive trait.